Hi jrichardson83, welcome back to algebra ;) Thanks for your question. If I understand your question correctly, you're referring to 4:14 in the video where $\sqrt{2 F_{12}^2}$ is simplified to $\sqrt{2}F_{12}$, correct? If so, keep in mind that the subscripts "1" and "2" are just cosmetic labels, and not variables in of themselves. They serve to label the force $F_{12}$ as the force on charge "1" due to charge "2". This means the algebra is the same as $\sqrt{2 A^2} = \sqrt{2} A$. It is permissible to take the square root of each factor under the square root, and then multiply the results. Since $\sqrt{2}$ isn't pretty, never mind that result, and take just the square root of $A^2$ and multiply that by the square root of 2. Hopefully that helps. If you want to challenge your math vocabulary comprehension, a textbook might say that when taking the square root of a product, you can instead take the product of the square root of each factor.

All the best,
Mr. Dychko

Hi Jamall, the subject you're going to want to refresh on is "factoring". A quick Google found https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/factoring.html and it seemed OK. I'll try to explain what happened in the video, putting important vocabulary words in bold, and this might make more sense after you review the basics of factoring. There are two terms here: $\dfrac{\sqrt{2}kQQ}{r_{12}^2} + \dfrac{kQQ}{2r_{12}^2}$. Terms are always separated by plus or minus signs. Each term consist of several factors. Factors are the parts within a term that multiply together, and I think it's nice to look at "multiply" in a more generic sense that includes dividing. By that I mean that dividing by "2", as in the second term in this question, is the same as multiplying by $\dfrac{1}{2}$. You can always think of dividing by a number as multiplying by it's reciprocal... The process of "factoring" is to search for all factors that are the same among all the terms. The common ones gets put outside of some brackets, and the leftovers that are not common among the terms end up within the bracket. $\sqrt{2}$ and $\dfrac{1}{2}$ are factors that are unique to the terms in which they appear, and so they are the leftovers that end up within a bracket.

All the best,
Mr. Dychko

Oh, and the absolute value of a number is it's positive value. What you said about taking the square root of the number squared is not technically correct, but in a practical sense it's good enough I suppose. The square root of a number technically has two answers: the positive and the negative, since squaring either gives the "radicand".